Narrative review of plant-based adaptogens in stress management
Stress, a physiological and psychological response to internal and external challenges, can negatively impact health when chronic or excessive. Plant-based adaptogens are a class of herbal compounds that enhance the body’s resilience to stress by modulating neuroendocrine, immune, and metabolic responses. This narrative review explores the mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of prominent adaptogens, including Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Rhodiola rosea, Holy Basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum), Panax ginseng, Schisandra chinensis, and Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Evidence from preclinical, clinical, and ethnopharmacological studies suggests that these plants improve stress tolerance, reduce fatigue, enhance cognitive function, and normalize stress hormone levels. Adaptogens exert multi-target effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol regulation, and oxidative stress pathways. They are generally well-tolerated, though potential drug interactions and contraindications should be considered. Integrating adaptogens with lifestyle interventions may provide a holistic approach to stress management. Future research should focus on standardization, novel combinations, and rigorous clinical trials to optimize therapeutic applications.