Redox Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Health and Disease
Redox regulation plays a critical role in the modulation of immune responses, affecting both innate and adaptiveimmune functions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), generated as byproducts ofcellular metabolism and immune responses, are key signaling molecules in immune cell activation, differentiation,and effector function. These molecules are tightly regulated to maintain immune homeostasis, but theirdysregulation can contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide array of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancer,and infections. This review explores the mechanisms of redox regulation in immune cells, highlighting the role ofROS/RNS in the activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), antigen presentation, T cell differentiation, andthe modulation of inflammation. We also examine the dual role of redox molecules in both promoting immunedefense and contributing to tissue damage, with a focus on how this balance impacts health and disease. Additionally,we discuss current therapeutic strategies targeting redox pathways for the treatment of immune-related diseasesand the potential for future interventions.