Publications

Urbanization has dramatically altered the hydrological landscape, with poorly designed or neglected drainage systems becoming hotspots for Anopheles mosquito breeding. This review evaluates the role of water management infrastructure—storm drains, ditches, culverts, and sewer systems—in influencing vector ecology and malaria transmission. Evidence shows that clogged drains and stagnant wastewater pools serve as ideal larval habitats, particularly for Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. Conversely, well-maintained drainage systems can significantly reduce vector proliferation. The review also considers the interplay between rapid urban expansion, inadequate waste management, and climate variability in amplifying these risks. Case studies from African cities highlight both challenges and innovative community-based solutions for integrating vector control into urban planning. Recommendations are made for environmentally sensitive drainage design, regular maintenance regimes, and intersectoral collaboration between urban planners, engineers, and public health practitioners. Keywords: Urban drainage, water management, Anopheles breeding, malaria ecology.