Publications

The liver and kidney are critical organs responsible for metabolism, detoxification, and excretion, making them highly susceptible to toxic injury. Hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity arise from diverse insults, including xenobiotics, drugs, environmental chemicals, and metabolic disturbances. Recent insights highlight the pivotal role of immunomodulation in driving organ injury, with oxidative stress serving as a unifying mechanism that bridges immune activation and cellular dysfunction. Excessive generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, induces DNA and protein damage, and amplifies lipid peroxidation, thereby sensitizing hepatic and renal cells to immune-mediated injury. In parallel, immune pathways-such as Toll-like receptor signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, T-cell polarization, and macrophage reprogramming-sustain inflammatory responses that accelerate fibrosis and organ dysfunction. This review synthesizes current evidence on the immunological and redox-dependent drivers of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, emphasizing shared molecular pathways, organ crosstalk, and the therapeutic potential of antioxidant and immunomodulatory interventions. Keywords: hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunomodulation, oxidative stress, inflammation