Publications

Obesity-associated diabetes (largely type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) is a global public-health challenge driven by rising prevalence of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Early diagnosis and continuous metabolic monitoring are essential to prevent complications, personalise therapy and enable timely lifestyle or pharmacologic interventions. Nano-enabled biosensors devices that integrate nanomaterials (gold, graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, conductive polymers, etc.) with biochemical recognition elements—offer major advances in sensitivity, selectivity, response time, miniaturization, and compatibility with wearable platforms. This review synthesizes recent advances in nanomaterial-enhanced sensing modalities for glucose and complementary obesity-related biomarkers (adipokines, insulin, inflammatory cytokines, HbA1c), highlights non-/minimallyinvasive sample matrices (interstitial fluid, sweat, saliva, tears), and examines integrated wearable architectures (microneedles, patches, e-textiles, organic electrochemical transistor-based sensors). We discuss data handling, multiplexing, power strategies, clinical validation requirements and regulatory hurdles, and propose future directions—multiplexed panels for metabolic phenotyping, closed-loop systems coupling sensing to therapeutics, self-powered sensors, and AI-driven analytics. Nano-enabled biosensors hold realistic potential to transform screening, early diagnosis, and long-term monitoring of obesity-related diabetes, but clinical translation will require coordinated progress in standardization, calibration, biocompatibility, and regulatory pathways.) Keywords: nano-biosensor, continuous glucose monitoring, wearable sensors, adipokines, microneedle patch