Publications

Obesity-associated diabetes, often referred to as diabesity, is a rapidly growing global health challenge characterized by impaired glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and progressive mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria are central regulators of energy metabolism, orchestrating glucose oxidation, lipid utilization, and ATP generation. Their dysfunction exacerbates metabolic inflexibility and oxidative stress, contributing to the pathogenesis of obesity-linked diabetes. Natural products derived from plants, marine organisms, and microbial sources have gained attention as modulators of mitochondrial function due to their bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and peptides. These agents restore mitochondrial integrity, enhance oxidative phosphorylation, stimulate biogenesis, and reduce excessive reactive oxygen species, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic health. This review examines the molecular mechanisms by which natural products ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction and modulate energy metabolism in the context of obesity-associated diabetes. Particular emphasis is placed on signaling pathways such as AMPK, PGC-1α, and SIRT1, as well as the emerging therapeutic implications of these bioactives in clinical settings. Keywords: Natural products, Mitochondrial dysfunction, Energy metabolism, Obesity-associated diabetes, Bioactive compounds