Publications

Obesity is a multifactorial, relapsing disease driven by complex interactions between genetics, environment, and behavior. Conventional systemic pharmacotherapy often fails to provide durable weight loss and is limited by off-target toxicity in the cardiovascular, hepatic, and central nervous systems. Precision delivery of anti-obesity agents to specific tissues and cell populations offers a rational strategy to increase efficacy while reducing adverse effects. Smart nanocarriers engineered to sense local microenvironmental cues, respond to external stimuli, and recognize molecular markers—are emerging as powerful tools to achieve this goal. This review outlines the pathophysiological rationale for targeted delivery in obesity, design principles of smart nanocarriers, and organ-specific targeting strategies for adipose tissue, liver, gut, and CNS. We discuss stimuliresponsive and logic-gated systems, nano-enabled delivery of small molecules, peptides, biologics, and nucleic acids, as well as integration with diagnostics for precision medicine. Finally, we address safety, regulatory, and implementation challenges that must be overcome before these technologies can be deployed in routine metabolic care.