Publications

Diarrheal diseases remain a major global health concern, disproportionately affecting rural populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review explores the complex relationship between livestock, agricultural practices, and diarrheal disease transmission in rural communities, with a focus on zoonotic and environmental pathways. While livestock and agriculture provide essential sources of nutrition, income, and food security, they also pose significant public health risks when sanitation and hygiene are inadequate. Evidence indicates that close human–animal interaction, poor waste management, and contaminated water sources contribute to the spread of enteric pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Cryptosporidium. Children under five years of age are particularly vulnerable due to their behavioral exposure and underdeveloped immunity. The review emphasizes the importance of integrating water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions with improved livestock management and environmental health strategies. It advocates for a One Health approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental systems. By promoting cross-sectoral collaboration, strengthening rural health infrastructure, and improving public awareness, it is possible to mitigate diarrheal disease risks while sustaining agricultural productivity and community well-being.