Long-term Health Complications Associated with Untreated or Late-Treated Typhoid Fever
Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, remains a significant public health issue, particularly in low-resource settings. Despite the availability of antibiotics, delayed or inadequate treatment continues to lead to serious long-term health complications. This review explores the range of long-term health effects resulting from untreated or late-treated typhoid fever, emphasizing the role of delayed diagnosis, incomplete treatment, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Long-term complications include chronic gastrointestinal issues, intestinal perforation, neurological disturbances, cardiovascular conditions, and renal failure. Additionally, individuals who survive the acute phase may experience psychological effects such as depression and anxiety, as well as a risk of becoming chronic carriers of the bacteria, continuing to spread the infection. The review also discusses the growing challenge posed by AMR, particularly the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, which complicate treatment and increase the risk of prolonged illness and complications. By addressing these long-term outcomes, this review underscores the importance of early and effective intervention, as well as the need for public health strategies aimed at improving healthcare access, timely diagnosis, and treatment, alongside enhanced efforts to combat AMR.