Publications

Oxidative stress is a unifying biological process that underlies the pathogenesis of toxic injury across multiple organ systems. Whether triggered by environmental pollutants, pharmaceuticals, xenobiotics, radiation, chronic metabolic disorders, or endogenous metabolic dysregulation, the imbalance between pro-oxidant generation and antioxidant defense promotes macromolecular damage, cellular dysfunction, and irreversible tissue pathology. This review presents a unified toxicology framework that positions oxidative stress as the central node linking upstream toxicant exposure with downstream patterns of organ-specific and systemic injury. Mechanistic facets such as mitochondrial dysfunction, redox dysregulation, lipid peroxidation, DNA oxidation, protein misfolding, ferroptosis, and maladaptive inflammatory signaling are examined in detail. Organ-level susceptibilities in the liver, kidney, cardiovascular system, nervous system, lung, and reproductive tissues are explored, emphasizing shared pathways and unique vulnerabilities. The review further discusses translational implications, including the development of oxidative stress biomarkers, systems-toxicology approaches, redox-targeted therapies, and predictive safety testing. Understanding oxidative stress through an integrated lens provides clarity on cross-cutting toxicological mechanisms and creates opportunities for unified management strategies, early detection, and risk reduction in clinical, environmental, and industrial settings.