Publications

Raw chicken litters have been applied to field soils where various vegetables are cropped for increasingthe yield or productivity. Antibiotics are regularly mixed in the diet or drinking water of chicken grown inthe marketable poultry farms for the treating bacterial diseases. Rampant usage of antimicrobials is alsoresulted in the survival of resistant bacteria in animal excreta, enabling antimicrobial-resistance genes(ARGs) transmission to other microorganisms together with human pathogens. Recently, it has been seenthat incorporation of ARGs in vegetables/crops grown in raw manure-amended soil might be due tovariations in soil microbial commensals following manure application. An abundances of ARGs like; sul1,aad(A), erm(B), str(A), str(B), intI1 and incW have been traced in manure-mixed soil in many studiescompared to unmanured soil leading environmental contamination. Herein, we surveyed multipleinvestigations to determine how chicken manure affected microbial diversity, the retention of antibioticresistantbacteria in soil after manure application, and the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes.Composting can drastically lower enteric bacterial populations, particularly those that carry ARGs. Prior tobeing applied to the ground, manures can possibly be treated to lessen the danger of polluting crops orwater supplies by reducing the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes. ARGs appear to be a majorsource of worry in poultry, suggesting that these genes have been widely disseminated in the atmosphereby the industry