Publications

Research outputs, reports, policy briefs and knowledge products from KIU scholars and partners.

2023 School of Allied Health Sciences INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Biomakers of breast cancer: Overview

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu1,4, Yahye Abdi Ahmed1, Getrude Uzoma Obeagu2, Umi Omar Bunu3, P.C. Ugwu Okechukwu4, Esther U. Alum4,5

Breast cancer management depends on biomarkers including estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and humanepidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ER/PR/HER2). Though existing scoring systems are widely used and wellvalidated, they can involve costly preparation and variable interpretation. Additionally, discordances betweenhistology and expected biomarker findings can prompt repeat testing to address biological, interpretative, or technicalreasons for unexpected results. The levels of these markers can influence how a person with breast cancer is treated inthe clinic.